Neighborhood

Carroll Gardens

Brooklyn
In the Census-defined PUMA including Park Slope, Carroll Gardens & Red Hook, according to recent Census data, French and Italian each have more than 1000 speakers. Varieties of English and Spanish are commonly spoken in the area as well.
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Languages with a significant site in this neighborhood, marked by a point on the map:

Kituba

Monokutuba
In summer 2019, ELA staff encountered a Kituba speaker, originally from Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) but recently arrived from France with her Senegalese husband (of Baïnounk heritage). They reported living in Carroll Gardens, a neighborhood with a significant number of young French-speaking professionals.

Portuguese

Português
A small group of Sephardic Jews, originally from Portugal but expelled from Recife in Brazil, may have included the city's first Portuguese speakers when they arrived in 1654. Just north, many Portuguese settled in SoHo after the Second World War, near 6th Avenue south of Houston. Around the same period, Newark became and today remains a major hub for Portuguese speakers up and down the Eastern seaboard. There are also communities of speakers from different parts of Portugal scattered around New York City, including in the Carroll Gardens area of Brooklyn (with the Luso-American Social Club) and in Jamaica. Queens, which is home to the Portuguese Recreation Club as well as a language school (Escola D. Nuno Álvares Pereira) and a restaurant (O Lavrador). The community in Jamaica was larger from the 1970s to the 1990s, with a significant representation of people from the region of Trás-os-Montes and Mirandela, speaking those dialects. In all areas, recent decades have seen immigrants from other parts of the Lusophone world, especially Brazil, join those originally from Portugal.

Pugliese (Molese)

Molese
Pugliese is an umbrella term for a number of very different varieties from the southern Italian region of Puglia (or Apulia). Many communities from across the region have taken root and formed clubs in New York, especially from in and around the city of Bari, including groups from Bitetto and Conversano. Early on, Barese speakers had a strong presence first in coal and later ice delivery. Across much of southern Brooklyn, a long-established community from Mola di Bari maintains several clubs and speaks a variety broadly similar to the Casamassimese maintained by a family in Jersey City, and the Molfettese known to many in Hoboken. Writer Annie Rachele Lanzillot has written of growing up in the Bronx hearing her family's Acquavivese dialect. Noted poet Joseph Tusiani, long resident in New York, spoke and wrote in the Garganico variety from the area around San Marco in Lamis. Others may have roots in and around Foggia, with its distinct variety.

Sudanese Arabic

لهجة سودانية
A broad representation of the world's Arabic varieties, as used by Muslims, Christians, and Jews from West Africa to Iraq, can be found across the metropolitan area — although many of them are mutually unintelligible with each other, speakers are able to communicate in the Modern Standard Arabic known as al-fuṣḥā ("the purest", and there is often widespread familiarity with larger varieties like Egyptian Arabic. In the second half of the 20th century, what had been primarily a Levantine Arabic speaking community (by then mostly in Brooklyn) was joined by significant numbers of Egyptian Arabic and Yemeni Arabic speakers, as well as smaller numbers of many other varieties found throughout the city. Significant Arabic-speaking areas include Bay Ridge, Astoria, the Bronx (for West African Arabic speakers), Yonkers, and Paterson, New Jersey. Classical (or Qu'ranic) Arabic flourishes widely at mosques like the Islamic Cultural Center on the Upper East Side and the Jamaica Muslim Center in Queens as well schools like Al-Noor in Brooklyn. Jewish varieties of Arabic, often linked to the local variety of the particular country of origin, are still spoken to some degree among the sizeable Middle Eastern and North African Jewish communities in the city, especially in Brooklyn.
Additional languages spoken in this neighborhood:
  • Neapolitan
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Carroll Gardens

Brooklyn

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